Bibliography of The Resolution Zone

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References for The Resolution Zone

CHAPTER 1: WHAT IS THE ZONE?

Sears B. The Zone. Regan Books. New York, NY (1995)

CHAPTER 4: OVERVIEW OF THE ZONE PRO-RESOLUTION NUTRITION SYSTEM: A DEFINED DIETARY PATHWAY TO THE ZONE

Arai Y, Martin-Ruiz CM, Takayama M, Abe Y, Takebayashi T, Koyasu S, Suematsu M, Hirose N, and von Zglinicki T. “Inflammation, but not telomere length, predicts successful ageing at extreme old age.” EBioMedicine 2:1549–1558 (2015)

Brickman AM, Khan UA, Provenzano FA, Yeung LK, Suzuki W, Schroeter H, Wall M, Sloan RP, and Small SA. “Enhancing dentate gyrus function with dietary flavanols improves cognition in older adults.” Nat Neurosci 17:11798–1803 (2014)

Das SK, Gilhooly CH, Golden JK, Pittas AG, Fuss PJ, Cheatham RA, Tyler S, Tsay M, McCrory MA, Lichtenstein AH, Dallal GE, Dutta C, Bhapkar MV, Delany

REFERENCES

JP, Saltzman E, and Roberts SB. “Long-term effects of 2 energy-restricted diets differing in glycemic load on dietary adherence, body composition, and metabolism in CALERIE: A 1-y randomized controlled trial.” Am J Clin Nutr 85:1023–1030 (2007)

Davinelli S, Bertoglio JC, Zarrelli A, Pina R, and Scapagnini G. “A randomized clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of an anthocyanin-maqui berry extract on oxidative stress biomarkers.” J Am Coll Nutr 34: Suppl 1:28–33 (2015)

Endres S, Ghorbani R, Kelley VE, Georgilis K, Lonnemann G, van der Meer JW, Cannon JG, Rogers TS, Klempner MS, and Weber PC, Schaeffer EJ, Wolff SM, and Dinarello CA. “The effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the synthesis of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor by mononuclear cells.” N Engl J Med 320:265–271 (1989)

Fontana L, Villareal DT, Das SK, Smith SR, Meydani SN, Pittas AG, Klein S, Bhapkar M, Rochon J, Ravussin E, and Holloszy JO. “Effects of 2-year calorie restriction on circulating levels of IGF-1, IGF-binding proteins and cortisol in nonobese men and women: A randomized clinical trial.” Aging Cell 15: 22–27 (2016)

Georgiou T, Neokleous A, Nikolaou D, and Sears B. “Pilot study for treating dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with high-dose omega-3 fatty acids.” PharmaNutrition 2:8–11 (2014)

Martin CK, Bhapkar M, Pittas AG, Pieper CF, Das SK, Williamson DA, Scott T, Redman LM, Stein R, Gilhooly CH, Stewart T, Robinson L, and Roberts SB. “Effect of calorie restriction on mood, quality of life, sleep, and sexual function in healthy nonobese adults: The CALERIE 2 randomized clinical trial.” JAMA Intern Med 176: 743–752 (2016)

McNamara RK, Perry M, and Sears, B. “Dissociation of C-reactive protein levels from long-chain omega-3 fatty acid status and anti-depressant response in adolescents with major depressive disorder: An open-label dose-ranging trial.” J Nutr Therapeutics 2:235–243 (2013)

Meydani M, Das S, Band M, Epstein S, and Roberts S. “The effect of caloric restriction and glycemic load on measures of oxidative stress and antioxidants in humans: Results from the CALERIE trial of human caloric restriction.” J Nutr Health Aging 15:456–60 (2011)

Pittas AG, Das SK, Hajduk CL, Golden J, Saltzman E, Stark PC, Greenberg AS, and Roberts SB. “A low-glycemic load diet facilitates greater weight loss in overweight adults with high insulin secretion but not in overweight adults with low insulin secretion in the CALERIE trial.” Diabetes Care 28:2939–41 (2005)

Rabassa M, Cherubini A, Zamora-Ros R, Urpi-Sarda M, Bandinelli S, Ferrucci L, and Andres-Lacueva C. “Low levels of a urinary biomarker of dietary polyphenol are associated with substantial cognitive decline over a 3-year period in older adults: The Invecchiare in Chianti study.” J Am Geriatr Soc 63:938–946 (2015)

Rabassa M, Zamora-Ros R, Andres-Lacueva C, Urpi-Sarda M, Bandinelli S, Ferrucci L, and Cherubini A. “Association between both total baseline urinary and dietary polyphenols and substantial physical performance decline risk in older adults: A 9-year follow-up of the InCHIANTI study.” J Nutr Health Aging 20:478–485 (2016)

Ravussin E, Redman LM, Rochon J, Das SK, Fontana L, Kraus WE, Romashkan S, Williamson DA, Meydani SN, Villareal DT, Smith SR, Stein RI, Scott TM, Stewart TM, Saltzman E, Klein S, Bhapkar M, Martin CK, Gilhooly CH, Holloszy JO, Hadley EC, and Roberts SB. “A 2-year randomized controlled trial of human caloric restriction: Feasibility and effects on predictors of healthspan and longevity.” J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 70:1097–104 (2015)

Romashkan SV, Das SK, Villareal DT, Ravussin E, Redman LM, Rochon J, Bhapkar M, and Kraus WE. “Safety of two-year caloric restriction in non-obese healthy individuals.” Oncotarget 7: 19124–19133 (2016)

Sears, B. The Zone. Regan Books. New York, NY (1995)

Sears B, Bailes J, and Asselin B. “Therapeutic uses of high-dose omega-3 fatty acids to treat comatose patients with severe brain injury.” PharmaNutrition 1: 86–89 (2013)

Sorgi PJ, Hallowell EM, Hutchins HL, and Sears B. “Effects of an open-label pilot study with high-dose EPA/DHA concentrates on plasma phospholipids and behavior in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Nutr J 13: 16 (2007)

Urpi-Sarda M, Andres-Lacueva C, Rabassa M, Ruggiero C, Zamora-Ros R, Bandinelli S, Ferrucci L, and Cherubini A. “The relationship between urinary total polyphenols and the frailty phenotype in a community-dwelling older population: The InCHIANTI study.” J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 70: 1141– 1147 (2015)

Willcox BJ, Willcox DC, Todoriki H, Fujiyoshi A, Yano K, He Q, Curb JD, and Suzuki M. “Caloric restriction, the traditional Okinawan diet, and healthy aging: The diet of the world’s longest-lived people and its potential impact on morbidity and life span.” Ann N Y Acad Sci 1114:434–455 (2007

Willcox DC, Willcox BJ, Todoriki H, Curb JD, and Suzuki M. “Caloric restriction and human longevity: What can we learn from the Okinawans?” Biogerontology 7:173–177 (2006)

Zamora-Ros R, Rabassa M, Cherubini A, Urpí-Sardà M, Bandinelli S, Ferrucci L, and Andres-Lacueva C. “High concentrations of a urinary biomarker of polyphenol intake are associated with decreased mortality in older adults.” J Nutr 143:1445–1450 (2013)

CHAPTER 5: HOW INFLAMMATION KEEPS YOU ALIVE AND THE RESOLUTION RESPONSE KEEPS YOU WELL

Afonso PV, Janka-Junttila M, Lee YJ, McCann CP, Oliver CM, Aamer KA, Losert W, Cicerone MT, and Parent CA. “LTB4 is a signal-relay molecule during neutrophil chemotaxis.” Dev Cell 22: 1079–1091 (2012)

Baker RG, Hayden MS, and Ghosh S. “NF-κB, inflammation, and metabolic disease.” Cell Metab 13: 11–22 (2011)

Bierhaus A, Stern DM, and Nawroth PP. “RAGE in inflammation: A new therapeutic target?” Curr Opin Investig Drugs 7: 985–991 (2006)

Cai D. “Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in overnutrition-induced diseases.” Trends Endocrinol Metab 24: 40–47 (2013)

Camandola S, Leonarduzzi G, Musso T, Varesio L, Carini R, Scavazza A, Chiarpotto E, Baeuerle PA, and Poli G. “Nuclear factor-ϰB is activated by arachidonic acid but not by eicosapentaenoic acid.” Biochem Biophys Res Commun 229: 643–647 (1996)

Canetti C, Silva JS, Ferreira SH, and Cunha FQ. “Tumour necrosis factor-alpha and leukotriene B(4) mediate the neutrophil migration in immune inflammation.” Br J Pharmacol 134:1619–28 (2001)

Crofts CAP, Zinn C, Wheldon MC, and Schofield GM. “Hyperinsulinemia: A unifying theory of chronic disease?” Diabesity 1: 34–43 (2015)

Fielding CA, Jones GW, McLoughlin RM, McLeod L, Hammond VJ, Uceda J, Williams AS, Lambie M, Foster TL, Liao CT, Rice CM, Greenhill CJ, Colmont CS, Hams E, Coles B, Kift-Morgan A, Newton Z, Craig KJ, Williams JD, Williams GT, Davies SJ, Humphreys IR, O’Donnell VB, Taylor PR, Jenkins BJ, Topley N, and Jones SA. “Interleukin-6 signaling drives fibrosis in unresolved inflammation.” Immunity 40: 40–50 (2014)

Gloire G, Legrand-Poels S, and Piette J. “NF-ϰB activation by reactive oxygen species: Fifteen years later.” Biochem Pharmacol 72: 1493–1505 (2006)

Guo H, Callaway JB, and Ting J. “Inflammasomes: Mechanism of action, role in disease and therapeutics.” Nat Med 21: 677–687 (2015)

Hardie DG. “Keeping the home fires burning: AMP-activated protein kinase.” J Royal Society Interface 15:20170774 (2018)

Hardie DG, Ross FA, and Hawley SA. “AMP-activated protein kinase: A target for drugs both ancient and modern.” Chem Bio 19: 1222–1236 (2012)

Huang S, Rutkowsky JM, Snodgrass RG, Ono-Moore KD, Schneider DA, Newman JW, Adams SH, and Hwang DH. “Saturated fatty acids activate TLR-mediated proinflammatory signaling pathways.” J Lipid Res 53: 2002–2013 (2012)

Iwasaki A and Medzhitov R. “Control of adaptive immunity by the innate immune system.” Nat Immunol 16: 343–353 (2015)

Kawai T and Akira S. “The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: Update on Toll-like receptors.” Nat Immunol 11: 373–384 (2010)

Sanchez-Galan E, Gomez-Hernandez A, Vidal C, Martin-Ventura JL, Blanco-Colio LM, Munoz-Garcia B, Ortega L, Egido J, and Tunón J. “Leukotriene B4 enhances the activity of nuclear factor-kappaB pathway through BLT1 and BLT2 receptors in atherosclerosis.” Cardiovasc Res 81: 216–225 (2009)

Sen R and Baltimore D. “Multiple nuclear factors interact with the immunoglobulin enhancer sequences.” Cell 46: 705–716 (1986)

Serhan CN, Ward PA, and Gilroy DW, and Samir S. Fundamentals of Inflammation. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK (2010)

Serhan CN. “Pro-resolving lipid mediators are leads for resolution physiology.” Nature 510: 92–101 (2014)

Tobon-Velasco JC, Cuevas E, and Torres-Ramos MA. “Receptor for AGEs (RAGE) as mediator of NF-κB pathway activation in neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.” CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 13: 1615–1626 (2014)

Trowbridge HO and Emling RC. Inflammation: A Review of the Process. Quintessence Publising. Chicago, IL (1997)

Volchenkov R, Sprater F, Vogelsang P, and Appel S. “The 2011 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine.” Scand J Immunol 75: 1–4 (2012)

Weisberg SP, McCann D, Desai M, Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL, and Ferrante AW. “Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue.” J Clin Invest 112: 1796–1808 (2003)

Wick G, Grundtman C, Mayerl C, Wimpissinger TF, Feichtinger J, Zelger B, Sgonc R, and Wolfram D. “The immunology of fibrosis.” Annu Rev Immunol 31: 107–135 (2013)

Yan SF, Ramasamy R, and Schmidt AM. “Mechanisms of disease: Advanced glycation end-products and their receptor in inflammation and diabetes complications.” Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 4: 285–293 (2008)

Zang M, Xu S, Maitland-Toolan KA, Zuccollo A, Hou X, Jiang B, Wierzbicki M, Verbeuren TJ, and Cohen RA. “Polyphenols stimulate AMP-activated protein kinase, lower lipids, and inhibit accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetic LDL- receptor-deficient mice.” Diabetes 55: 2180–2191 (2006)

Zhang Q, Lenardo MJ, and Baltimore D. “30 years of NF-κB: A blossoming of relevance to human pathobiology.” Cell 168: 37–57 (2017)

Zhang X, Zhang G, Zhang H, Karin M, Bai H, and Cai D. “Hypothalamic IKKbeta/ NF-κB and ER stress link overnutrition to energy imbalance and obesity.” Cell 135: 61–73 (2008)

CHAPTER 6: DIET-INDUCED INFLAMMATION

Brenner RR. “Nutritional and hormonal factors influencing desaturation of essential fatty acids.” Prog Lipid Res 20: 41–47 (1981)

De Fina LF. Vega GL. Leonard D. and Grundy SM. “Fasting glucose, obesity, and metabolic syndrome as predictors of type 2 diabetes: The Cooper Center longitudinal study.” J Investig Med 60: 1164–1168 (2012)

Ebbeling CB, Swain JF, Feldman HA, Wong WW, Hachey DL, Garcia-Lago E, and Ludwig DS. “Effects of dietary composition on energy expenditure during weight-loss maintenance.” JAMA 307: 2627–2634 (2012)

Endres S, Ghorbani R, Kelley VE, Georgilis K, Lonnemann G, van der Meer JW, Cannon JG, Rogers TS, Klempner MS, Weber PC, Schaeffer EJ, Wolff SM, and Dinarello CA. The effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the synthesis of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor by mononuclear cells.” N Engl J Med 320: 265–271 (1989)

Foster-Powell K, Holt SH, and Brand-Miller JC. “International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002.” Am J Clin Nutr 76: 5–56 (2002)

Harris WS, Pottala JV, Varvel SA, Borowski JJ, Ward JN, and McConnell JP. “Erythrocyte omega-3 fatty acids increase and linoleic acid decreases with age: Observations from 160,000 patients.” Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 88:257–263 (2013)

Levitan EB, Liu S, Stampfer MJ, Cook NR, Rexrode KM, Ridker PM, Buring JE, and Manson JE. “HbA1c measured in stored erythrocytes and mortality rate among middle-aged and older women.” Diabetologia 51: 267–275 (2008)

Ludwig DS, Majzoub JA, Al-Zahrani A, Dallal GE, Blanco I, and Roberts SB. “High glycemic index foods, overeating, and obesity.” Pediatrics 103: E26 (1999)

McLaughlin T, Reaven G, Abbasi F, Lamendola C, Saad M, Waters D, Simon J, and Krauss RM. “Is there a simple way to identify insulin-resistant individuals at increased risk of cardiovascular disease?” Am J Cardiol 96: 399–404 (2005)

Moss M. Salt Sugar Fat: How the Food Giants Hooked Us. Random House. New York (2014)

Ohnishi H and Saito Y. “Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) reduces cardiovascular events: Relationship with the EPA/arachidonic acid ratio.” J Atheroscler Thromb 20: 861–877 (2013)

Rahman I, Biswas SK, and Kirkham PA. “Regulation of inflammation and redox signaling by dietary polyphenols.” Biochem Pharmacol 72: 1439–52 (2006)

Salazar MR, Carbajal HA, Espeche WG, Leiva Sisnieguez CE, March CE, Balbin E, Dulbecco CA, Aizpurúa M, Marillet AG, and Reaven GM. “Comparison of the abilities of the plasma triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and the metabolic syndrome to identify insulin resistance.” Diab Vasc Dis Res 10: 346–52 (2013)

Sánchez-Galán E, Gómez-Hernández A, Vidal C, Martín-Ventura JL, Blanco-Colio LM, Muñoz-García B, Ortega L, Egido J, and Tuñón J. “Leukotriene B4 enhances the activity of nuclear factor-kappaB pathway through BLT1 and BLT2 receptors in atherosclerosis.” Cardiovasc Res 81: 216–225 (2009)

Sears B. The Zone. Regan Books. New York, NY (1995) Sears B. OmegaRx Zone. Regan Books. New York, NY (2001)

Sears B. The Anti-Inflammation Zone. Regan Books. New York, NY (2005) Sears, B. Toxic Fat. Thomas Nelson. Knoxville, TN (2008)

Sears B. The Mediterranean Zone. Ballantine Books. New York, NY (2014)

Silver MJ, Hoch W, Kocsis JJ, Ingerman CM, and Smith JB. “Arachidonic acid causes sudden death in rabbits.” Science 183: 1085–1087 (1974)

Spite M, Claria J, and Serhan CN. “Resolvins, specialized proresolving lipid mediators, and their potential roles in metabolic diseases.” Cell Metab 19: 21–36 (2014)

Wei D, Li J, Shen M, Jia W, Chen N, Chen T, Su D, Tian H, Zheng S, Dai Y, and Zhao A. “Cellular production of n-3 PUFAs and reduction of n-6-to-n-3 ratios in the pancreatic beta-cells and islets enhance insulin secretion and confer protection against cytokine-induced cell death.” Diabetes 59:471–478 (2010)

Yee LD, Lester JL, Cole RM, Richardson JR, Hsu JC, Li Y, Lehman A, Belury MA, and Clinton SK. “Omega-3 fatty acid supplements in women at high risk of breast cancer have dose-dependent effects on breast adipose tissue fatty acid composition.” Am J Clin Nutr 91: 1185–1194 (2010)

Yokoyama M, Origasa H, Matsuzaki M, Matsuzawa Y, Saito Y, Ishikawa Y, Oikawa S, Sasaki J, Hishida H, Itakura H, Kita T, Kitabatake A, Nakaya N, Sakata T, Shimada K, and Shirato K. “Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): A randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis.” Lancet 369: 1090–1098 (2007)

Zhang X, Zhang G, Zhang H, Karin M, Bai H, and Cai D. “Hypothalamic IKKbeta/ NF-κB and ER stress link overnutrition to energy imbalance and obesity.” Cell 135:61–73 (2008)

CHAPTER 7: MARKERS OF THE ZONE

Adams PB, Lawson S, Sanigorski A, and Sinclair AJ. “Arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid ratio in blood correlates positively with clinical symptoms of depression.” Lipids 31 (Suppl): S157–161 (1996)

Aggarwal V, Schneider AL, and Selvin E. “Low hemoglobin A(1c) in nondiabetic adults: An elevated risk state?” Diabetes Care 35: 2055–2060 (2012)

Carson AP, Fox CS, McGuire DK, Levitan EB, Laclaustra M, Mann DM, and Muntner P. “Low hemoglobin A1c and risk of all-cause mortality among US adults without diabetes.” Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 3: 661–667 (2010)

Chilton FH, Patel M, Fonteh AN, Hubbard WC, and Triggiani M. “Dietary n-3 fatty acid effects on neutrophil lipid composition and mediator production. Influence of duration and dosage.” J Clin Invest. 91: 115–22 (1993)

Endres S, Ghorbani R, Kelley VE, Georgilis K, Lonnemann G, van der Meer JW, Cannon JG, Rogers TS, Klempner MS, Weber PC, Schaeffer EJ, Wolff SM, and Dinarello CA. “The effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the synthesis of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor by mononuclear cells.” N Engl J Med 320: 265–271 (1989)

Fontani G, Corradeschi F, Felici A, Alfatti F, Bugarini R, Fiaschi AI, Cerretani D, Montorfano G, Rizzo AM, and Berra B. “Blood profiles, body fat and mood state in healthy subjects on different diets supplemented with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.” Eur J Clin Invest 35: 499–507 (2005)

Fontani G, Corradeschi F, Felici A, Alfatti F, Migliorini S, and Lodi L. “Cognitive and physiological effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in healthy subjects.” Eur J Clin Invest 35: 691–699 (2005)

Fukuda Y, Hashimoto Y, Hamaguchi M, Fukuda T, Nakamura N, Ohbora A, Kato T, Kojima T, and Fukui M. “Triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is an independent predictor of incident fatty liver; a population-based cohort study.” Liver Int 36: 713–720 (2016)

Georgiou T and Prokopiou E. “The new era of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation: Therapeutic effects on dry age-related macular degeneration.” J Stem Cells 10: 205–215 (2015)

Harris WS. “The omega-3 index: Clinical utility for therapeutic intervention.” Curr Cardiol Rep 12: 503–508 (2010)

Harris WS, Luo J, Pottala JV, Espeland MA, Margolis KL, Manson JE, Wang L, Brasky TM, and Robinson JG. “Red blood cell polyunsaturated fatty acids and mortality in the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study.” J Clin Lipidol 11: 250–259 (2017)

Hasegawa T, Otsuka K, Iguchi T, Matsumoto K, Ehara S, Nakata S, Nishimura S, Kataoka T, Shimada K, and Yoshiyama M. “Serum n-3 to n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio correlates with coronary plaque vulnerability: An optical coherence tomography study.” Heart Vessels 29: 596–602 (2014)

Holvoet P, Mertens A, Verhamme P, Bogaerts K, Beyens G, Verhaeghe R, Collen D, Muls E, and Van de Werf F. “Circulating oxidized LDL is a useful marker for identifying patients with coronary artery disease.” Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21: 844–848 (2001)

Holvoet P. “Oxidized LDL and coronary heart disease.” Acta Cardiol 59: 479–484 (2004)

Inoue K, Kishida K, Hirata A, Funahashi T, and Shimomura I. “Low serum eicosapentaenoic acid / arachidonic acid ratio in male subjects with visceral obesity.” Nutr Metab 10: 25 (2013)

Iwani NA, Jalaludin MY, Zin RM, Fuziah MZ, Hong JY, Abqariyah Y, Mokhtar AH, and Nazaimoon WM. “Triglyceride to HDL-C ratio is associated with insulin resistance in overweight and obese children.” Sci Rep 7: 40055 (2017)

Jiang Y, Djuric Z, Sen A, Ren J, Kuklev D, Waters I, Zhao L, Uhlson CL, Hong YH, Murphy RC, Normolle DP, Smith WL, and Brenner DE. “Biomarkers for personalizing omega-3 fatty acid dosing.” Cancer Prev Res 7: 1011–22 (2014)

Kawabata T, Hirota S, Hirayama T, Adachi N, Hagiwara C, Iwama N, Kamachi K, Araki E, Kawashima H, and Kiso Y. “Age-related changes of dietary intake and blood eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and arachidonic acid levels in Japanese men and women.” Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 84: 131–137 (2001)

Kitagawa M, Haji S, and Amagai T. “Elevated serum AA/EPA Ratio as a predictor of skeletal muscle depletion in cachexic patients with advanced gastro-intestinal cancers.” In Vivo 31: 1003–1009 (2017)

Kondo T, Ogawa K, Satake T, Kitazawa M, Taki K, Sugiyama S, and Ozawa T. “Plasma-free eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid ratio: A possible new coronary risk factor.” Clin Cardiol 9: 413–416 (1986)

McLaughlin T, Allison G, Abbasi F, Lamendola C, and Reaven G. “Prevalence of insulin resistance and associated cardiovascular disease risk factors among normal weight, overweight, and obese individuals.” Metabolism 53: 495–499 (2004)

Nagai K, Koshiba H, Shibata S, Matsui T, and Kozaki K. “Correlation between the serum eicosapentaenoic acid-to-arachidonic acid ratio and the severity of cerebral white matter hyperintensities in older adults with memory disorder.” Geriatr Gerontol Int 15 (Suppl 1): 48–52 (2015)

Nagata M, Hata J, Hirakawa Y, Mukai N, Yoshida D, Ohara T, Kishimoto H, Kawano H, Kitazono T, Kiyohara Y, and Ninomiya T. “The ratio of serum eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid and risk of cancer death in a Japanese community: The Hisayama Study.” J Epidemiol 27: 578–583 (2017)

Ninomiya T, Nagata M, Hata J, Hirakawa Y, Ozawa M, Yoshida D, Ohara T, Kishimoto H, Mukai N, Fukuhara M, Kitazono T, and Kiyohara Y. “Association between ratio of serum eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid and risk of cardiovascular disease: The Hisayama Study.” Atherosclerosis 231: 261–267 (2013)

Nishihira J, Tokashiki T, Higashiuesato Y, Willcox DC, Mattek N, Shinto L, Ohya Y, and Dodge HH. “Associations between serum omega-3 fatty acid levels and cognitive functions among community-dwelling octogenarians in Okinawa, Japan: The KOCOA study.” J Alzheimers Dis 51: 857–866 (2016)

Ohnishi H and Saito Y. “Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) reduces cardiovascular events: Relationship with the EPA/arachidonic acid ratio.” J Atheroscler Thromb 20: 861–877 (2013)

Rizzo AM, Montorfano G, Negroni M, Adorni L, Berselli P, Corsetto P, Wahle K, and Berra B. “A rapid method for determining arachidonic/eicosapentaenoic acid ratios in whole blood lipids: Correlation with erythrocyte membrane ratios and validation in a large Italian population of various ages and pathologies.” Lipids Health Dis 9: 7 (2010)

Rizzo AM, Corsetto PA, Montorfano G, Opizzi A, Faliva M, Giacosa A, Ricevuti G, Pelucchi C, Berra B, and Rondanelli M. “Comparison between the AA/ EPA ratio in depressed and non-depressed elderly females: Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation correlates with improved symptoms but does not change immunological parameters.” Nutr J 11: 82 (2012)

Salazar MR, Carbajal HA, Espeche WG, Leiva Sisnieguez CE, Balbín E, Dulbecco CA, Aizpurúa M, Marillet AG, and Reaven GM. “Relation among the plasma triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration ratio, insulin resistance, and associated cardio-metabolic risk factors in men and women.” Am J Cardiol 109: 1749–1753 (2012)

Salazar MR, Carbajal HA, Espeche WG, Aizpurúa M, Dulbecco CA, and Reaven GM. “Comparison of two surrogate estimates of insulin resistance to predict cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy individuals.” Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 27: 366–373 (2017)

Sears B. The OmegaRx Zone. Regan Books. New York, NY (2002)

Sears B. “Anti-inflammatory diets.” J Am Coll Nutr 34 (Suppl 1): 14–21 (2015)

Shibata M, Ohara T, Yoshida D, Hata J, Mukai N, Kawano H, Kanba S, Kitazono T, and Ninomiya T. “Association between the ratio of serum arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid and the presence of depressive symptoms in a general Japanese population: The Hisayama Study.” J Affect Disord 237: 73–79 (2018)

Suwa M, Yamaguchi S, Komori T, Kajimoto S, and Kino M. “The association between cerebral white matter lesions and plasma omega-3 to omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio to cognitive impairment development.” Biomed Res Int 2015: 153437 (2015) von Schacky C. “Omega-3 index and cardiovascular health.” Nutrients 6: 799–814 (2014)

Wakabayashi Y, Funayama H, Ugata Y, Taniguchi Y, Hoshino H, Ako J, and Momomura S. “Low eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid ratio is associated with thin-cap fibroatheroma determined by optical coherence tomography.” J Cardiol 66: 482–488 (2015)

CHAPTER 8: ZONE DIET: REDUCING DIET-INDUCED INFLAMMATION

Agus MS, Swain JF, Larson CL, Eckert EA, and Ludwig DS. “Dietary composition and physiologic adaptations to energy restriction.” Am J Clin Nutr 71: 901–907 (2000)

Barlovic DP, Thomas MC, and Jandeleit-Dahm K. “Cardiovascular disease: What’s all the AGE/RAGE about?” Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets. 10: 7–15 (2010)

Bierhaus A, Stern DM, and Nawroth PP. “RAGE in inflammation: A new therapeutic target?” Curr Opin Investig Drugs 7: 985–991 (2006)

Brattbakk HR, Arbo I, Aagaard S, Lindseth I, de Soysa AK, Langaas M, Kulseng B, Lindberg F, and Johansen B. “Balanced caloric macronutrient composition downregulates immunological gene expression in human blood cells-adipose tissue diverges.” OMICS 17: 41–52 (2013)

Brennan IM, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Seimon RV, Otto B, Horowitz M, Wishart JM, and Feinle-Bisset C. “Effects of fat, protein, and carbohydrate and protein load on appetite, plasma cholecystokinin, peptide YY, and ghrelin, and energy intake in lean and obese men.” Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 303: G129–140 (2012)

Brenner RR. “Hormonal modulation of delta-6 and delta-5 desaturases: Case of diabetes.” Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 68: 151–162 (2003)

Bujak AL, Crane JD, Lally JS, Ford RJ, Kang SJ, Rebalka IA, Green AE, Kemp BE, Hawke TJ, Schertzer JD, and Steinberg GR. “AMPK activation of muscle autophagy prevents fasting-induced hypoglycemia and myopathy during aging.” Cell Metab 21: 883–890 (2015)

Choquet H and Meyre D. “Genetics of obesity: What have we learned?” Curr Genomics 12: 169–179 (2011)

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Das SK, Roberts SB, Bhapkar MV, Villareal DT, Fontana L, Martin CK, Racette SB, Fuss PJ, Kraus WE, Wong WW, Saltzman E, Pieper CF, Fielding RA, Schwartz AV, Ravussin E, and Redman LM. “Body-composition changes in the comprehensive assessment of long-term effects of reducing intake of energy (CALERIE)-2 study: A 2-y randomized controlled trial of calorie restriction in nonobese humans.” Am J Clin Nutr 105: 913–927 (2017)

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CHAPTER 10: OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS: AGENTS OF RESOLUTION

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CHAPTER 11: POLYPHENOLS: ACTIVATORS OF OUR GENES, GUARDIANS OF OUR GUT

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CHAPTER 12: PERSONALIZING THE ZONE PRO-RESOLUTION NUTRITION SYSTEM

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Verdile G, Keane KN, Cruzat VF, Medic S, Sabale M, Rowles J, Wijesekara N, Martins RN, Fraser PE, and Newsholme P. “Inflammation and oxidative stress: The molecular connectivity between insulin resistance, obesity, and Alzheimer’s disease.” Mediators Inflamm 2015: 105828 (2015)

Wickremesekera K, Miller G, Naotunne TD, Knowles G, and Stubbs RS. “Loss of insulin resistance after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery: A time course study.” Obes Surg 15: 474–481 (2005)

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CHAPTER 14: DIET WARS: COMPARISON OF THE ZONE DIET TO OTHER DIETS

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Schübel R, Nattenmüller, Sookthai D, Nonnenmacher T, Graf ME, Riedl L, Schlett CL, von Stackelberg O, Johnson T, Nabers D, Kirsten R, Kratz M, Kauczor HU, Ulrich CM, Kaaks R, and Kühn T. “Effects of intermittent and continuous calorie restriction on body weight and metabolism over 50 wk: A randomized controlled trial.” Am J Clin Nutr 108: 933–945 (2018)

Suzuki M, Willcox DC, Rosenbaum MW, and Willcox BJ. “Oxidative stress and longevity in Okinawa: An investigation of blood lipid peroxidation and tocopherol in Okinawan centenarians.” Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res. 2010:380460 (2010)

Trepanowski JF, Kroeger CM, Barnosky A, Klempel MC, Bhutani S, Hoddy KK, Gabel K, Freels S, Rigdon J, Rood J, Ravussin E, and Varady KA. “Effect of alternate-day fasting on weight loss, weight maintenance, and cardioprotection among metabolically healthy obese adults: A randomized clinical trial.” JAMA Intern Med 177: 930–938 (2017)

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Willcox BJ and Willcox DC. “Caloric restriction, caloric restriction mimetics, and healthy aging in Okinawa: Controversies and clinical implications.” Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care17: 51–58 (2014)

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CHAPTER 15: ZONE PROTEIN: MAKING THE ZONE DIET EVEN EASIER TO FOLLOW

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CHAPTER 16: YOUR FIRST 1,000 DAYS AND BEYOND

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CHAPTER 19: WHY DO WE GET SICK?

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APPENDIX C. INFLAMMATION: THE SLIGHTLY LONGER COURSE

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APPENDIX D. METABOLISM OF ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS, EICOSANOIDS, AND RESOLVINS

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APPENDIX E. ENERGY-SENSING GENE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS

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Peng L, Li ZR, Green RS, Holzman IR, Lin J. “Butyrate enhances the intestinal barrier by facilitating tight junction assembly via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in Caco-2 cell monolayers.” J Nutr 139: 1619–1625 (2009)

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Rahnasto-Rilla M, Tyni J, Huovinen M, Jarho E, Kulikowicz T, Ravichandran S, A Bohr V, Ferrucci L, Lahtela-Kakkonen M, and Moaddel R. “Natural polyphenols as sirtuin 6 modulators.” Sci Rep 8:4163 (2018)

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APPENDIX F. AMP KINASE AND MITOCHONDRIA

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APPENDIX G. GUT PHYSIOLOGY

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